← 🧠 Foundations of LLMs & GenAI
Core
RLHF (Alignment)
RLHF aligns a model to human preferences in three stages: supervised fine-tuning on demonstrations, training a reward model from human comparisons of outputs, then optimizing the policy with RL against that reward while a KL penalty anchors it to the base model. It shapes behavior and tone rather than facts, and FDE loops probe it because reward hacking and the KL anchor are where deployments actually go wrong.
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RELATED CONCEPTS
PRACTICE THIS IN REAL QUESTIONS
LLM & GenAI FundamentalsWhat's the difference between a base model and an instruct model, and why would a customer care?→AI Security, Privacy & GovernanceWhat is data/model poisoning, and how would you detect a backdoor introduced through fine-tuning or embedding data?→Machine Learning & Data ScienceA customer says 'we want the model to be accurate.' How do you turn that into the metric you'll optimize?→LLM & GenAI FundamentalsA customer wants the model to 'know our docs.' Prompting, RAG, or fine-tuning: how do you choose?→RAG & Agent System DesignRetrieval fails on the customer's internal jargon. Fine-tune embeddings, add a reranker, or rewrite queries?→LLM & GenAI FundamentalsWhen does fine-tuning beat few-shot prompting? How much data do you need, and how do you prevent regressions?→
