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Capacity-plan 10B 768-dim embeddings: HNSW vs IVF-PQ storage, index, and RAM for sub-100ms.

10 billion vectors is where raw float storage (30TB) stops being an option. The answer does the HNSW vs IVF-PQ RAM math cold and shows why PQ is the only thing that fits in memory.

Updated Aug 2026 · Grounded in real Forward Deployed Engineer interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

10 billion vectors is where raw float storage (30TB) stops being an option. The answer does the HNSW vs IVF-PQ RAM math cold and shows why PQ is the only thing that fits in memory.

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