rlhf

Why a raw base model answers your question with three more questions, what RLHF actually buys, and the niche cases where customers should pick base. A tidy answer most candidates fumble.

Three stages, one KL leash. The reward-model-plus-PPO loop, the beta*KL term that keeps the policy from drifting off the reference, and how DPO collapses it into a single classification loss by treating the reward as beta*log(pi/pi_ref). The objectives, written correctly.

PPO needs a separate value network to estimate the baseline for its advantage. GRPO samples a group of answers per prompt and uses their mean reward as the baseline, so the advantage is just how a sample compares to its peers, no critic required.

Human 1-5 scores are biased toward short, simple code. Debias the labels, fuse test-pass rate without letting the agent game it, and pick PPO with a fused reward over a DPO ranking loss. Plus the hard cap on the action space so the agent can't delete the repo.

Turn a constitution of rules into a model that follows them, with no human labels on harmful examples. The strong answer walks the two phases (self-critique SFT, then RL from AI feedback), then spends real time on the part papers gloss: adversarially validating the aligned model holds under attack.

A red-team model that learns over many episodes which attacks bypass your filters is only useful if it explores instead of farming one exploit, and only safe if every discovered attack becomes target training data.